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The term "communication" appeared in scientific literature in the early twentieth century. One of the founders of American sociology was Charles Cooley, who argued that "communication is understood as the mechanism by which the existence and development of interpersonal relations - all symbols of the mind as well as the ways of their transmission in space and their storage in time - are possible. There is no clear line between the means of communication and the external world. However, with the birth of the external world there appears a system of standard symbols designed only to transmit views, from which the traditional development of communication originates.

Communication in a broader sense is interpreted as a process of interaction and communication methods that allow the creation, transmission and receipt of different information. Communication between people occurs in the form of communication. Sociological direction of communication studies communicativeness of information carriers of interpersonal, intergroup, international communication. In the sociological context, communication is a socially conditioned process of transmission and perception of information in the context of interpersonal and mass communication through different channels using various means of communication.

Today, the term "communication" has three main interpretations:

First, communication is a means of connecting any objects material and spiritual world, that is, as structures Communication is a mediator between the individual and socially conscious information. The main communication problem is the mechanism that transforms the individual process of transmission and perception of information into a socially important personal process. This mechanism is part of people's speech activity; it is where socially agreed upon standards and rules of communication are implemented.

Second, it is communication, in the course of which people exchange information.

Thirdly, communication is understood as the transmission and exchange of information in order to influence society and its components. In order for communication to take place between social actors in order to "discover common interests, respectively common interests and mutual understanding", use such a concept as "public relations". It is believed that the term "public relations" was first used by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson in 1908 in his seventh speech to Congress. Communication during this period was evaluated in the context of general theoretical positions of behaviorism, symbolic interactionism, personalism, existentialism..[1,p.18]

In general, the study of social communication was based on different directions, scientific schools, theories, which can be conventionally grouped into three groups: communication theories formed on the social, linguistic and communicative basis. Social communication absorbs all three interpretations of the term "communication".

The first approach focuses on the study of the means of communication in order to use them to implement the social functions of communication. Another interpretation deals with social communication and deals with the problems of interpersonal communication and the third with the problems of the influence of mass communication on the development of social relations.

The theory of communication is directly related to the theory of acts of communication. The theory of acts of communication was preceded by the idea of the Austrian philosopher and logician L. Wittgenstein (1899-1951). The scientist presented the program of creating an artificial language, the prototype of which is the language of mathematical logic. In the mid 50's. English philosopher, representative of linguistic philosophy, J. Austin (1911-1960) laid the foundation for this theory. J. Austin in his concept absolutized the view that the main goal of philosophical research is the interpretation of statements of "everyday" speech. He opposed the misuse of individual words and utterances. The social factors of speech communication in the future continued to be developed by domestic and foreign researchers (J. Searle, M. Bakhtin, N. Arutyunova). They studied statements in which the establishment of a partner allowed to identify the social factors of language communication.

A trend called "critical analysis of discourse" emerged, based on the theoretical foundations of critical linguistics, formed in England in the 70-80s, and treating language as a type of "social practice" (R. Fowler, G. Kress, J. Habermas). Discourse (Late Latin discourse "opinion, evidence") is defined as a coherent text whose renewal is caused by several factors, including social factors. Discourse is a type of speech communication aimed at discussing and justifying any meaningful actions, opinions, and representations of its participants. By "performative" utterances he meant the concrete fulfillment of certain intentions, and by "clarification" he meant utterances to which the terms "truth and untruth" apply. Nowadays, some scholars understand performative communication as purposeful communication.[2,p.27]

The task of integrating existing theoretical positions and experimental results can be successfully accomplished only on the basis of a unified theory, in the context of which the interaction of the three main components of social communication: social structure, communication systems, and communication methods is substantiated. The theory of communication is designed to provide a holistic view of the regularities of the basic relationships in different types and kinds of communication.The methodological basis of the theory contains in itself revealing the structure, principles of knowledge construction, forms and methods of cognition, methods and ways of action. Sociological and psychological methods and their tools are mainly used in the study of communication problems, as well as the development of other related sciences. Weak development of all aspects of communication theory (theoretical-methodological, pragmatic) has not allowed to create a holistic view of communication as a structure, phenomenon and process.

communication, communication theory, social communication, structures